Scientists from ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, have observed the competition between our natural gut bacteria and pathogenic bacteria closely. They have identified some proteins involved in this interaction and have also produced microbeads, embedded with these proteins, that have the potential for oral administration to fight pathogenic bacteria. 

Researchers from ICAR-NDRI, Karnal and the ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, described how some proteins present in the saliva of a female buffalo might help in detecting their estrus or mating stage.