In today’s gadget-filled world of cameras, cell phones, smart watches and other lightweight and wearable devices, thin film transistors are commonplace. They are made by stacking thin layers of semiconductors, insulators and metals. In a study published in Nature’s Scientific Reports, researchers from the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, have explored how creating textures in metal films used in such transistors could help make them easy to control.
New evidence from Martian valley networks confirms a gradual climate shift from warm and wet during the Noachian period, around 4 billion years ago, to cold and icy by the Hesperian period, around 3 billion years ago.
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